Introduction

In previous chapters, we analyzed motion primarily from inertial reference frames, where Newton’s laws are directly applicable. However, many real-world situations involve accelerating or rotating frames of reference, known as non-inertial frames.

Examples include:

• A car accelerating on a road
• A rotating merry-go-round
• Earth itself (which rotates and revolves)

In such frames, Newton’s laws appear to fail unless we introduce additional forces called fictitious forces or pseudo-forces.